Agile practices have risen to prominence as a revolutionary approach in project management, offering a unique blend of flexibility, collaboration, and a relentless focus on the customer. In this comprehensive article, we will delve deep into the world of Agile, uncovering its best practices, and shedding light on the fundamental principles and strategies that have empowered numerous teams to attain project success. Agile methodologies have fundamentally transformed the way teams work, providing them with the tools and mindset necessary to adapt to rapidly changing requirements and deliver value consistently. This article will serve as a valuable resource for individuals and organizations looking to harness the power of Agile to stay ahead in an ever-evolving business landscape.
Best Agile Practices
Best Agile practices encompass a set of principles and methodologies that prioritize adaptability and value delivery. These practices enable project teams to respond to changing requirements and deliver incremental value throughout the project's lifecycle.
Let's explore these foundational Agile practices:
1. Embrace Iterative Development
Agile best practices emphasize iterative development. The project is divided into smaller, manageable iterations, commonly referred to as "sprints," which typically last two to four weeks. This approach ensures regular checkpoints for assessment and adaptation, enhancing project agility.
2. Prioritize Customer Collaboration
One of Agile's core principles is to engage customers or end-users regularly. Frequent collaboration ensures that the project aligns with evolving customer needs, resulting in a product that genuinely serves its intended audience.
3. Create Cross-Functional Teams
Cross-functional teams, comprising members with diverse skill sets, are central to Agile success. These teams can quickly adapt to changing project requirements and collaborate effectively, fostering a holistic problem-solving approach.
4. Maintain a Clear Backlog
A well-maintained backlog is crucial. It's a prioritized list of tasks and features that need to be addressed during the project. This backlog keeps the team focused and helps to track progress and direction.
5. Continuous Integration and Testing
Regularly integrating code and conducting testing is one of the best agile practices and ensures that the product is always in a deployable state. This practice minimizes integration issues and leads to faster and more reliable deliveries.
6. Foster Open Communication
Creating a culture of open and transparent communication within the team is vital. This practice encourages quick issue resolution and facilitates knowledge sharing, leading to better collaboration and faster decision-making.
7. Review and Adapt
Frequent reviews and retrospectives are crucial in Agile. At the end of each iteration, the team takes time to reflect on what went well and what could be improved. This practice encourages a culture of continuous improvement, driving project success.
Explore our CSM Training in Bangalore guided by Certified Scrum Trainers with over 15 years of experience and a 100% success rate. The course includes the CSM exam fee, offers a money-back guarantee, and provides 16 PDUs and SEUs.
8. Agile Estimation Techniques
Accurate estimation is vital in Agile projects. Techniques like Planning Poker and Story Points help teams estimate the effort required for each task or user story. These methods enable teams to make informed decisions regarding scope and timelines.
9. Definition of Done (DoD)
The Definition of Done is a critical concept in Agile. It specifies the criteria that must be met for a task or user story to be considered complete. Having a clear DoD ensures that all team members share a common understanding of what it means for work to be finished.
10. Continuous Improvement (Kaizen)
The philosophy of Kaizen, originating from Lean principles, emphasizes continuous improvement. Agile teams embrace Kaizen by consistently seeking ways to enhance their processes, making small but incremental improvements over time.
11. Burndown Charts and Velocity
Agile teams often use Burndown Charts and Velocity metrics to track progress. Burndown Charts visualize the remaining work in a sprint, while Velocity measures how much work a team can complete in a given time frame. These tools provide transparency and aid in better planning.
Also Read: Agile Velocity vs Capacity
12. Limit Work in Progress (WIP)
Limiting the work in progress is an essential Kanban principle and is regarded as one of the best agile practices. By restricting the number of tasks or user stories in progress at any given time, teams prevent bottlenecks and maintain a smooth workflow.
13. Cross-Training and Skill Sharing
Agile teams encourage cross-training and skill sharing. Team members should have a general understanding of each other's roles and responsibilities, which ensures that work can continue even in the absence of a specific team member.
14. Adaptive Project Management
Agile practices accommodate changes in project requirements. Teams embrace adaptive project management, where they anticipate change and are prepared to adapt swiftly. This approach is especially valuable in dynamic and unpredictable environments.
15. Automation Testing and Deployment
Automation testing and deployment streamline the development process. These practices reduce the risk of human errors, shorten development cycles, and ensure that code remains in a deployable state.
16. Product Backlog Refinement
Regularly refining the product backlog is essential to maintain clarity and prioritize tasks effectively. Teams should allocate time to review, update, and re-prioritize backlog items to ensure that the most valuable work is addressed first.
Also Read : Wsjf in Agile
How to get the most out of the Best Practices in Agile?
The success of Agile methodologies heavily relies on the adoption of best practices. These practices have been refined over the years and have become integral to the Agile framework. Now let’s understand how we can get the best out of all the best practices in Agile mentioned above.
1. Scrum Framework
Scrum is one of the most popular Agile frameworks. It introduces roles like Scrum Master, Product Owner, and Development Team, along with ceremonies like Daily Standups and Sprint Planning. Implementing the Scrum framework provides a structured and efficient approach to managing Agile projects, ensuring that the team maintains focus and drives progress.
2. Kanban Boards
Kanban, a visual management tool, facilitates workflow visualization. By using Kanban boards, teams can visualize work in progress, identify bottlenecks, and maintain a steady flow of work. This practice is particularly useful for projects requiring continuous delivery.
3. User Stories
User stories are concise descriptions of software features from an end-user perspective. They play a significant role in understanding and prioritizing requirements. Writing clear and well-defined user stories is a best practice in Agile, as it ensures that everyone involved in the project has a shared understanding of what needs to be delivered.
Also Read: Agile Dashboard
4. Test-Driven Development (TDD)
TDD involves writing tests before writing the actual code. This practice ensures that the codebase remains stable and free of regressions while new features are added. TDD enhances the quality of the code and reduces the time and effort required for bug fixing.
5. Retrospectives
Retrospectives are a core part of Agile methodologies. These meetings provide the team with an opportunity to reflect on what worked well and what didn't in the previous iteration. Regular retrospectives drive continuous improvement by identifying areas where the team can enhance its processes and practices.
6. Lean Principles
Lean principles are closely aligned with Agile. They emphasize eliminating waste, delivering value, and optimizing the entire value stream. By incorporating Lean principles into Agile practices, teams can streamline their processes and improve efficiency.
7. Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD)
CI/CD practices focus on automating the build, testing, and deployment processes. This reduces the risk of integration issues, speeds up the delivery of features, and enhances the overall software development lifecycle.
Also Read: Agile Change Management
Agile Best Practices in Action
Now, let's delve into real-world scenarios to understand how Agile best practices can be applied effectively:
Scenario 1: Software Development
In the world of software development, Agile methodologies have become the standard. Let's take the example of a software development project for a mobile application. In this scenario, Agile best practices would include the development team working in sprints, collaborating with end-users for feedback, and maintaining a clear backlog of features. Regular testing, integration, and retrospectives ensure a streamlined development process with high-quality results.
Scenario 2: Marketing Campaigns
Agile isn't limited to software development. Marketing teams can benefit from Agile practices as well. In this scenario, Agile best practices might involve creating cross-functional marketing teams to handle various campaign aspects, using Kanban boards to manage the campaign workflow, and conducting regular retrospectives to optimize marketing strategies.
Scenario 3: Product Development
For a product development project, Agile best practices can be instrumental. The team would work in iterations to develop and improve the product incrementally. Prioritizing customer collaboration ensures that the product aligns with market demands. Continuous integration and testing guarantee a high-quality product, while retrospectives help in refining the development process.
The Power of Agile Best Practices
Agile best practices offer numerous advantages when implemented effectively:
- Increased Flexibility: Agile allows for changes in project requirements, even late in the development process, promoting adaptability to evolving needs. It is always a best practices in agile to have some flexibility.
- Enhanced Collaboration: Agile encourages teams to work closely together, fostering a culture of trust, cooperation, and shared responsibility.
- Higher Product Quality: Continuous testing and integration lead to higher-quality deliverables with fewer defects and issues.
- Improved Customer Satisfaction: Frequent customer feedback loops ensure that the product aligns with customer expectations, increasing satisfaction and reducing the risk of misalignment.
- Faster Time to Market: Agile practices promote quicker deliveries, allowing businesses to respond to market changes promptly. This agility can be a game-changer in competitive industries.
- Enhanced Risk Management: Agile best practices provide teams with a structured approach to identify and mitigate risks early in the project, reducing the chances of costly issues later on.
- Efficient Resource Utilization: Agile encourages the efficient use of resources by focusing on high-priority features and delivering value incrementally.
Also Read : Spike in Agile
Implementing Agile Best Practices
Now that we've explored an extensive list of Agile best practices, let's discuss how to implement these practices effectively within your organization or project team:
1. Training and Education
Ensure that your team receives proper training in Agile methodologies. Invest in Agile certifications and workshops to build a strong foundation of knowledge and skills.
2. Choose the Right Agile Framework
Select the Agile framework that aligns with your project's requirements. Whether it's Scrum, Kanban, or another framework, make a well-informed choice.
3. Create a Collaborative Environment
Foster a culture of collaboration and open communication. Encourage team members to share ideas, issues, and solutions freely.
4. Invest in Agile Tools
Leverage Agile project management tools to facilitate work tracking, communication, and collaboration. These tools can help streamline Agile practices and provide valuable insights into project progress.
5. Set Clear Expectations
Define clear roles and responsibilities within the Agile team. Ensure that team members understand their roles and the expectations associated with them.
6. Regularly Review and Adapt
Hold retrospectives and reviews at the end of each sprint or iteration. Use the feedback and insights gained from these sessions to make necessary adjustments and improvements.
7. Embrace Change
Agile is all about adaptability. Be prepared to embrace change, whether it's in project requirements, team dynamics, or the market landscape.
Also Read: How to Calculate the Velocity in Scrum?
Measuring Success in Agile
To determine if Agile is working well, you need to look at specific performance indicators (KPIs). These KPIs help you measure how Agile practices are doing in a project or organization. In the following sections, we'll explain these important KPIs in more detail to help you assess and enhance your Agile implementation.
1. Customer Satisfaction
Measure customer satisfaction through feedback, Net Promoter Scores (NPS), or other relevant metrics. Higher customer satisfaction indicates that Agile practices are aligning with customer expectations.
2. Velocity and Cycle Time
Velocity measures how much work a team can complete in a given time frame, while cycle time measures the time it takes to complete a single task. An increase in velocity and a decrease in cycle time are indicators of process improvement.
3. Burndown Charts
Monitor Burndown Charts to visualize the remaining work in a sprint. A steady and predictable decrease in the remaining work is a positive sign of project progress.
4. Defect Rate
A reduction in the defect rate is a clear indication of improved product quality. Fewer defects mean less rework and a smoother development process.
5. Employee Satisfaction
Evaluate the satisfaction of team members. High levels of employee satisfaction are often correlated with successful Agile implementations.
6. Business Value Delivered
Calculate the business value delivered with each sprint or iteration. Tracking the value provided to the business can quantify the success of Agile practices.
Common Challenges and Solutions
While Agile best practices provide a variety of advantages, they do come with their fair share of challenges. Let's take a closer look at these common obstacles and the potential solutions to address them:
Challenge 1: Resistance to Change
Solution: Sometimes people don't like changing how they work. To help with this, we can explain the benefits of Agile practices, show them how it can make their work easier, and involve them in decision-making. This way, they'll feel more comfortable and willing to adapt to the new approach.
Challenge 2: Lack of Clarity
Solution: In projects, it's crucial that everyone knows exactly what they're doing. To achieve this, we need to emphasize clear communication, both through talking and writing things down. This ensures that all team members have a shared understanding of the project's goals and requirements, reducing confusion and mistakes.
Challenge 3: Scope Creep
Solution: Scope creep happens when we keep adding extra things to a project, making it too big and complicated. To prevent this, we should maintain a well-organized list of tasks, called a backlog, and set clear boundaries for what is considered "done." Regularly revisiting the project's scope helps ensure that it stays in line with what the customer actually needs, avoiding unnecessary complexity.
Challenge 4: Scalability
Solution: Large projects can be challenging to manage with basic Agile methods. In such cases, we can turn to specialized frameworks like SAFe (Scaled Agile Framework) or LeSS (Large Scale Scrum) for guidance. These frameworks provide structures and rules to help Agile practices work smoothly in bigger projects, making them more manageable and efficient.
Challenge 5: Remote Teams
Solution: When team members are working from different locations, maintaining effective communication can be tricky. To overcome this challenge, we c
Agile practices have risen to prominence as a revolutionary approach in project management, offering a unique blend of flexibility, collaboration, and a relentless focus on the customer. In this comprehensive article, we will delve deep into the world of Agile, uncovering its best practices, and shedding light on the fundamental principles and strategies that have empowered numerous teams to attain project success. Agile methodologies have fundamentally transformed the way teams work, providing them with the tools and mindset necessary to adapt to rapidly changing requirements and deliver value consistently. This article will serve as a valuable resource for individuals and organizations looking to harness the power of Agile to stay ahead in an ever-evolving business landscape.
Best Agile Practices
Best Agile practices encompass a set of principles and methodologies that prioritize adaptability and value delivery. These practices enable project teams to respond to changing requirements and deliver incremental value throughout the project's lifecycle.
Let's explore these foundational Agile practices:
1. Embrace Iterative Development
Agile best practices emphasize iterative development. The project is divided into smaller, manageable iterations, commonly referred to as "sprints," which typically last two to four weeks. This approach ensures regular checkpoints for assessment and adaptation, enhancing project agility.
2. Prioritize Customer Collaboration
One of Agile's core principles is to engage customers or end-users regularly. Frequent collaboration ensures that the project aligns with evolving customer needs, resulting in a product that genuinely serves its intended audience.
3. Create Cross-Functional Teams
Cross-functional teams, comprising members with diverse skill sets, are central to Agile success. These teams can quickly adapt to changing project requirements and collaborate effectively, fostering a holistic problem-solving approach.
4. Maintain a Clear Backlog
A well-maintained backlog is crucial. It's a prioritized list of tasks and features that need to be addressed during the project. This backlog keeps the team focused and helps to track progress and direction.
5. Continuous Integration and Testing
Regularly integrating code and conducting testing is one of the best agile practices and ensures that the product is always in a deployable state. This practice minimizes integration issues and leads to faster and more reliable deliveries.
6. Foster Open Communication
Creating a culture of open and transparent communication within the team is vital. This practice encourages quick issue resolution and facilitates knowledge sharing, leading to better collaboration and faster decision-making.
7. Review and Adapt
Frequent reviews and retrospectives are crucial in Agile. At the end of each iteration, the team takes time to reflect on what went well and what could be improved. This practice encourages a culture of continuous improvement, driving project success.
Explore our CSM Training in Bangalore guided by Certified Scrum Trainers with over 15 years of experience and a 100% success rate. The course includes the CSM exam fee, offers a money-back guarantee, and provides 16 PDUs and SEUs.
8. Agile Estimation Techniques
Accurate estimation is vital in Agile projects. Techniques like Planning Poker and Story Points help teams estimate the effort required for each task or user story. These methods enable teams to make informed decisions regarding scope and timelines.
9. Definition of Done (DoD)
The Definition of Done is a critical concept in Agile. It specifies the criteria that must be met for a task or user story to be considered complete. Having a clear DoD ensures that all team members share a common understanding of what it means for work to be finished.
10. Continuous Improvement (Kaizen)
The philosophy of Kaizen, originating from Lean principles, emphasizes continuous improvement. Agile teams embrace Kaizen by consistently seeking ways to enhance their processes, making small but incremental improvements over time.
11. Burndown Charts and Velocity
Agile teams often use Burndown Charts and Velocity metrics to track progress. Burndown Charts visualize the remaining work in a sprint, while Velocity measures how much work a team can complete in a given time frame. These tools provide transparency and aid in better planning.
Also Read: Agile Velocity vs Capacity
12. Limit Work in Progress (WIP)
Limiting the work in progress is an essential Kanban principle and is regarded as one of the best agile practices. By restricting the number of tasks or user stories in progress at any given time, teams prevent bottlenecks and maintain a smooth workflow.
13. Cross-Training and Skill Sharing
Agile teams encourage cross-training and skill sharing. Team members should have a general understanding of each other's roles and responsibilities, which ensures that work can continue even in the absence of a specific team member.
14. Adaptive Project Management
Agile practices accommodate changes in project requirements. Teams embrace adaptive project management, where they anticipate change and are prepared to adapt swiftly. This approach is especially valuable in dynamic and unpredictable environments.
15. Automation Testing and Deployment
Automation testing and deployment streamline the development process. These practices reduce the risk of human errors, shorten development cycles, and ensure that code remains in a deployable state.
16. Product Backlog Refinement
Regularly refining the product backlog is essential to maintain clarity and prioritize tasks effectively. Teams should allocate time to review, update, and re-prioritize backlog items to ensure that the most valuable work is addressed first.
Also Read : Wsjf in Agile
How to get the most out of the Best Practices in Agile?
The success of Agile methodologies heavily relies on the adoption of best practices. These practices have been refined over the years and have become integral to the Agile framework. Now let’s understand how we can get the best out of all the best practices in Agile mentioned above.
1. Scrum Framework
Scrum is one of the most popular Agile frameworks. It introduces roles like Scrum Master, Product Owner, and Development Team, along with ceremonies like Daily Standups and Sprint Planning. Implementing the Scrum framework provides a structured and efficient approach to managing Agile projects, ensuring that the team maintains focus and drives progress.
2. Kanban Boards
Kanban, a visual management tool, facilitates workflow visualization. By using Kanban boards, teams can visualize work in progress, identify bottlenecks, and maintain a steady flow of work. This practice is particularly useful for projects requiring continuous delivery.
3. User Stories
User stories are concise descriptions of software features from an end-user perspective. They play a significant role in understanding and prioritizing requirements. Writing clear and well-defined user stories is a best practice in Agile, as it ensures that everyone involved in the project has a shared understanding of what needs to be delivered.
Also Read: Agile Dashboard
4. Test-Driven Development (TDD)
TDD involves writing tests before writing the actual code. This practice ensures that the codebase remains stable and free of regressions while new features are added. TDD enhances the quality of the code and reduces the time and effort required for bug fixing.
5. Retrospectives
Retrospectives are a core part of Agile methodologies. These meetings provide the team with an opportunity to reflect on what worked well and what didn't in the previous iteration. Regular retrospectives drive continuous improvement by identifying areas where the team can enhance its processes and practices.
6. Lean Principles
Lean principles are closely aligned with Agile. They emphasize eliminating waste, delivering value, and optimizing the entire value stream. By incorporating Lean principles into Agile practices, teams can streamline their processes and improve efficiency.
7. Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD)
CI/CD practices focus on automating the build, testing, and deployment processes. This reduces the risk of integration issues, speeds up the delivery of features, and enhances the overall software development lifecycle.
Also Read: Agile Change Management
Agile Best Practices in Action
Now, let's delve into real-world scenarios to understand how Agile best practices can be applied effectively:
Scenario 1: Software Development
In the world of software development, Agile methodologies have become the standard. Let's take the example of a software development project for a mobile application. In this scenario, Agile best practices would include the development team working in sprints, collaborating with end-users for feedback, and maintaining a clear backlog of features. Regular testing, integration, and retrospectives ensure a streamlined development process with high-quality results.
Scenario 2: Marketing Campaigns
Agile isn't limited to software development. Marketing teams can benefit from Agile practices as well. In this scenario, Agile best practices might involve creating cross-functional marketing teams to handle various campaign aspects, using Kanban boards to manage the campaign workflow, and conducting regular retrospectives to optimize marketing strategies.
Scenario 3: Product Development
For a product development project, Agile best practices can be instrumental. The team would work in iterations to develop and improve the product incrementally. Prioritizing customer collaboration ensures that the product aligns with market demands. Continuous integration and testing guarantee a high-quality product, while retrospectives help in refining the development process.
The Power of Agile Best Practices
Agile best practices offer numerous advantages when implemented effectively:
- Increased Flexibility: Agile allows for changes in project requirements, even late in the development process, promoting adaptability to evolving needs. It is always a best practices in agile to have some flexibility.
- Enhanced Collaboration: Agile encourages teams to work closely together, fostering a culture of trust, cooperation, and shared responsibility.
- Higher Product Quality: Continuous testing and integration lead to higher-quality deliverables with fewer defects and issues.
- Improved Customer Satisfaction: Frequent customer feedback loops ensure that the product aligns with customer expectations, increasing satisfaction and reducing the risk of misalignment.
- Faster Time to Market: Agile practices promote quicker deliveries, allowing businesses to respond to market changes promptly. This agility can be a game-changer in competitive industries.
- Enhanced Risk Management: Agile best practices provide teams with a structured approach to identify and mitigate risks early in the project, reducing the chances of costly issues later on.
- Efficient Resource Utilization: Agile encourages the efficient use of resources by focusing on high-priority features and delivering value incrementally.
Also Read : Spike in Agile
Implementing Agile Best Practices
Now that we've explored an extensive list of Agile best practices, let's discuss how to implement these practices effectively within your organization or project team:
1. Training and Education
Ensure that your team receives proper training in Agile methodologies. Invest in Agile certifications and workshops to build a strong foundation of knowledge and skills.
2. Choose the Right Agile Framework
Select the Agile framework that aligns with your project's requirements. Whether it's Scrum, Kanban, or another framework, make a well-informed choice.
3. Create a Collaborative Environment
Foster a culture of collaboration and open communication. Encourage team members to share ideas, issues, and solutions freely.
4. Invest in Agile Tools
Leverage Agile project management tools to facilitate work tracking, communication, and collaboration. These tools can help streamline Agile practices and provide valuable insights into project progress.
5. Set Clear Expectations
Define clear roles and responsibilities within the Agile team. Ensure that team members understand their roles and the expectations associated with them.
6. Regularly Review and Adapt
Hold retrospectives and reviews at the end of each sprint or iteration. Use the feedback and insights gained from these sessions to make necessary adjustments and improvements.
7. Embrace Change
Agile is all about adaptability. Be prepared to embrace change, whether it's in project requirements, team dynamics, or the market landscape.
Also Read: How to Calculate the Velocity in Scrum?
Measuring Success in Agile
To determine if Agile is working well, you need to look at specific performance indicators (KPIs). These KPIs help you measure how Agile practices are doing in a project or organization. In the following sections, we'll explain these important KPIs in more detail to help you assess and enhance your Agile implementation.
1. Customer Satisfaction
Measure customer satisfaction through feedback, Net Promoter Scores (NPS), or other relevant metrics. Higher customer satisfaction indicates that Agile practices are aligning with customer expectations.
2. Velocity and Cycle Time
Velocity measures how much work a team can complete in a given time frame, while cycle time measures the time it takes to complete a single task. An increase in velocity and a decrease in cycle time are indicators of process improvement.
3. Burndown Charts
Monitor Burndown Charts to visualize the remaining work in a sprint. A steady and predictable decrease in the remaining work is a positive sign of project progress.
4. Defect Rate
A reduction in the defect rate is a clear indication of improved product quality. Fewer defects mean less rework and a smoother development process.
5. Employee Satisfaction
Evaluate the satisfaction of team members. High levels of employee satisfaction are often correlated with successful Agile implementations.
6. Business Value Delivered
Calculate the business value delivered with each sprint or iteration. Tracking the value provided to the business can quantify the success of Agile practices.
Common Challenges and Solutions
While Agile best practices provide a variety of advantages, they do come with their fair share of challenges. Let's take a closer look at these common obstacles and the potential solutions to address them:
Challenge 1: Resistance to Change
Solution: Sometimes people don't like changing how they work. To help with this, we can explain the benefits of Agile practices, show them how it can make their work easier, and involve them in decision-making. This way, they'll feel more comfortable and willing to adapt to the new approach.
Challenge 2: Lack of Clarity
Solution: In projects, it's crucial that everyone knows exactly what they're doing. To achieve this, we need to emphasize clear communication, both through talking and writing things down. This ensures that all team members have a shared understanding of the project's goals and requirements, reducing confusion and mistakes.
Challenge 3: Scope Creep
Solution: Scope creep happens when we keep adding extra things to a project, making it too big and complicated. To prevent this, we should maintain a well-organized list of tasks, called a backlog, and set clear boundaries for what is considered "done." Regularly revisiting the project's scope helps ensure that it stays in line with what the customer actually needs, avoiding unnecessary complexity.
Challenge 4: Scalability
Solution: Large projects can be challenging to manage with basic Agile methods. In such cases, we can turn to specialized frameworks like SAFe (Scaled Agile Framework) or LeSS (Large Scale Scrum) for guidance. These frameworks provide structures and rules to help Agile practices work smoothly in bigger projects, making them more manageable and efficient.
Challenge 5: Remote Teams
Solution: When team members are working from different locations, maintaining effective communication can be tricky. To overcome this challenge, we c
